1 Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
2 Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
3 Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
4 Institute of Mental Health Research, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
5 School of Psychoeducation, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
6 Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
7 Azrieli Research Center of the CHU Ste-Justine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
8 Department of Psychology, Université de Québec à Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
9 Department of Psychology, Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada.
10 Institute of Genetic, Neurobiological and Social Foundations of Child Development, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia.
11 Department of Social & Preventative Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
12 Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
13 Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
14 School of Public Health and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
15 INSERM, U669, Paris, France.
16 Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
17 Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

Background: Adolescent alcohol use is the norm, but only some develop a substance use disorder. The increased risk might reflect heightened mesocorticolimbic responses to reward-related cues but results published to date have been inconsistent.

Methods: Young social drinkers (age 18.5 ± 0.6 y.o.) who have been followed since birth were recruited from high- versus low-risk trajectories based on externalizing (EXT) behavioral traits. All had functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scans to measure mesocorticolimbic responses to alcohol, juice, and water cues (High EXT: 20F/10M; Low EXT: 15F/12M). Most had positron emission tomography (PET) [¹⁸F]fallypride scans to measure brain regional dopamine D2 receptor availabilities (n = 47).

Results: Compared with the low EXT group, high EXT participants reported larger subjective responses to the alcohol and juice cues (vs. water). Despite this, a main effect of group was not seen for brain activation responses to the alcohol and juice cues. Instead, low EXT participants exhibited higher mesocorticolimbic activations to alcohol than juice, whereas these activations did not differ in the high EXT group. Across all participants, alcohol (vs. water) blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) responses in the striatum and amygdala were associated with midbrain [¹⁸F]fallypride BP_ND values.

Conclusion: Young social drinkers at high versus low risk for substance use disorders did not exhibit larger mesocorticolimbic BOLD activations to alcohol-related cues and their responses poorly differentiated alcohol from juice. These observations raise the possibility that (i) diminished mesocorticolimbic BOLD differentiations between reward-related cues might be a marker of increased risk for substance use disorders, and (ii) previously reported large BOLD responses to drug-related cues in people with substance use disorders might better identify the disease than pre-existing vulnerability.