1 Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Ottawa, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON, Canada eferretti@toh.ca.
2 Department of Psychology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
3 Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
4 Centro di Formazione e Simulazione Neonatale NINA, U.O. Neonatologia, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana, Pisa, Italy.
5 Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Ottawa, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON, Canada.

This review considers parent-clinician interactions that are associated with vulnerabilities in communication and what we refer to as 'communication traps'. Communication traps are defined by high-stress situations with affect-laden subject matter that can lead to progressively dysfunctional communications/exchanges that are avoidable. While this framework was developed in neonatology, it can be applied to other clinical practices.Communication competencies in paediatrics require the rapid development of a therapeutic alliance between parents and clinicians to ensure the provision of best care to their infants. In order to facilitate parent-clinician communication, our framework focuses clinicians' attention on the affective, behavioural and cognitive (ABC) cues that are indicative of real, apparent or potential communication traps. Strategies are provided to slow down clinicians' responses to more effectively consider ABC cues that suggest if patients/parents have failed to engage or disengage from a situation. This framework is illustrated by presenting a narrative synthesised from a number of experiences that clinicians have encountered. This review identifies key decision points in the communication process that, if left unaddressed, can cascade into communication traps which may be difficult to escape.Using results from communication studies and psychological research, our framework was developed to identify key decision points for ABC cues that can be used to prevent falling into communication traps.