1 Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.
2 WorkWell Research Unit, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
3 Workability and Work Careers, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland.
4 Research Unit Occupational & Organizational Psychology and Professional Learning, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
5 Department of Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
6 Optentia Research Unit, Vanderbijlpark Campus, North-West University, Vanderbijlpark, South Africa.
7 Department of Psychology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
8 Substantive Methodological Synergy Research Laboratory, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada.

This research seeks to contribute to the ongoing discussion about the distinctive nature of burnout and depression. In a first study, we relied on employee samples from four European countries (N = 5199; 51.27% women; M(age) = 43.14). In a second study, we relied on a large sample of patients (N = 5791; 53.70% women; M(age) = 39.54) who received a diagnosis of burnout, depressive episode, job strain, or adaptation disorder. Across all samples and subsamples, we relied on the bifactor exploratory...