1 Concordia University, 1455 de Maisonneuve Blvd. W, H-1125-31, Montréal, H2G 1M8, Québec, Canada. sylvia.kairouz@concordia.ca.
2 Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada.
3 Concordia University, 1455 de Maisonneuve Blvd. W, H-1125-31, Montréal, H2G 1M8, Québec, Canada.
4 Service de recherche en dépendance du CIUSSS de la Capitale-Nationale et du CISSS de Chaudière-Appalaches, Québec City, Québec, Canada.
5 Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.
6 Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
7 CIUSSS Centre-Sud-de-l'Île-de-Montréal - Montreal Addiction Rehabilitation Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic brought about an extraordinary societal context in which the gambling offer was modified to meet public health measures intended to curb viral transmission. With many land-based gambling venues being forced to close, gambling opportunities were left almost exclusively to the online domain, thus possibly instigating changes in the population's online gambling habits. Using a sequential mixed methods design, this study aimed to (1) investigate the self-reported changes in gambling habits of adults in the province of Québec (Canada) following the declaration of the COVID-19 pandemic and ensuing public health responses, and (2) report on their lived experiences of these changes during the first year of the pandemic.

Method: A population survey was conducted with a representative sample of 4,676 online gamblers residing in the province of Québec, which was selected through random digit dialing for telephone interviews and from a web panel. From the initial sample, 96 online gamblers were recruited for in-depth semi-structured interviews inquiring about their gambling experiences during the first year of the pandemic.

Results: The prevalence of online gambling was estimated at 15.6-20.3% of Québec's population in 2021, among which 5.6% gambled online for the first time during the pandemic, which represented a substantial addition to the 14.7% of people who gambled online both before and during the pandemic. Only 1.4% of people quit online gambling during the pandemic. The impact of the pandemic was similar for frequency, expenditure, and time spent on various online gambling activities, with day trading having increased most during the pandemic. Seeking to earn money was one of several motivations endorsed by participants who had begun or increased online gambling practices during the first year of the pandemic.

Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic clearly revealed a significant increase in online gambling practices when changes in the gambling landscape and in daily life occurred due to the health crisis. This calls for a greater attention to the need for comprehensive regulatory measures and a support system for online gambling in a context of a steadily increasing lucrative market.