PERFORM Publications

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Title		Authors	PubMed ID
1	Biological sex and bilingualism: Its impact on risk and resilience for dementia	Calvo N; Phillips N; Bialystok E; Einstein G;	41573422 PSYCHOLOGY
2	Longitudinal relationships among cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers, cerebral blood flow, and grey matter volume in individuals with a familial history of Alzheimer s disease	Sanami S; Intzandt B; Huck J; Villeneuve S; Iturria-Medina Y; Gauthier CJ; Prevent-Ad Research Group None;	40347524 CONCORDIA
3	Sleep spindles and slow oscillations predict cognition and biomarkers of neurodegeneration in mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease	Páez A; Gillman SO; Dogaheh SB; Carnes A; Dakterzada F; Barbé F; Dang-Vu TT; Ripoll GP;	39878233 CONCORDIA
4	Bayesian workflow for the investigation of hierarchical classification models from tau-PET and structural MRI data across the Alzheimer's disease spectrum	Belasso CJ; Cai Z; Bezgin G; Pascoal T; Stevenson J; Rahmouni N; Tissot C; Lussier F; Rosa-Neto P; Soucy JP; Rivaz H; Benali H;	37920382 PERFORM
5	New metabolic signature for Chagas disease reveals sex steroid perturbation in humans and mice	Golizeh M; Nam J; Chatelain E; Jackson Y; Ohlund LB; Rasoolizadeh A; Camargo FV; Mahrouche L; Furtos A; Sleno L; Ndao M;	36590505 CHEMBIOCHEM
6	Molecular mechanisms of neurodegeneration in the entorhinal cortex that underlie its selective vulnerability during the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease.	Olajide OJ, Suvanto ME, Chapman CA	33495355 PSYCHOLOGY
7	Amyloid and tau signatures of brain metabolic decline in preclinical Alzheimer's disease.	Pascoal TA, Mathotaarachchi S, Shin M, Park AY, Mohades S, Benedet AL, Kang MS, Massarweh G, Soucy JP, Gauthier S, Rosa-Neto P, Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative	29396637 PERFORM

Title:	Biological sex and bilingualism: Its impact on risk and resilience for dementia
Authors:	Calvo N, Phillips N, Bialystok E, Einstein G
Link:	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41573422/
DOI:	10.1002/dad2.70255
Publication:	Alzheimer s & dementia (Amsterdam, Netherlands)
Keywords:	GFAP; NfL; bilingualism; mild cognitive impairment; p‐; tau181; risk and resilience; sex differences;
PMID:	41573422	Category:	Date Added:	2026-01-23
Dept Affiliation:	PSYCHOLOGY 1 Department of Psychology University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada. 2 Department of Psychology Concordia University Montreal Quebec Canada. 3 Department of Psychology York University Toronto Ontario Canada. 4 Tema Genus Linkoping University Linkoping Sweden. 5 Rotman Research Institute Baycrest Hospital Toronto Ontario Canada. 6 Dalla Lana School of Public Health University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada.

Description:

Introduction: The relationship between biological sex, considered a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD), and bilingualism, a resilience factor, is unclear. We assessed this relationship in 335 individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in a Canadian cohort.

Methods: We used univariate analysis and structural equation modelling to study the relationship between female sex and bilingualism. We created a resilience index (RI) for each participant using the residual approach. Logistic and linear regressions predicted cognitive and brain health in relation to RI.

Results: Overall, bilingual males had increased RI. Higher RI was associated with less risk of AD and less neuropathology and glial activation as indexed by plasma p-tau181, neurofilament light, and glial fibrillary acidic protein.

Discussion: In MCI, the combination of elevated estradiol levels due to aromatization and bilingualism may provide synergistic protection for verbal memory, making old bilingual males more resilient.

Highlights: Sex steroids influence verbal memoryIn a structural equation modeling (SEM) model, verbal memory mediates cognitive declineElevated estradiol from aromatization makes old bilinguals more resilient.

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