1 Department of Health, Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
2 Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
3 PERFORM Centre and Centre for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
4 School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia.
5 Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
6 Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
7 Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.

There is growing evidence in humans linking the temporal coupling between spindles and slow oscillations during NREM sleep with the overnight stabilization of memories encoded from daytime experiences in humans. However, whether the type and strength of learning influence that relationship is still unknown. Here we tested whether the amount or type of verbal word-pair learning prior to sleep affects subsequent phase-amplitude coupling (PAC) between spindles and slow oscillations (SO). We measured the strength and preferred timing of such coupling in the EEG of 41 healthy human participants over a post-learning and control night to compare intra-individual changes with inter-individual differences. We leveraged learning paradigms of varying word-pair (WP) load: 40 WP learned to a minimum criterion of 60% correct (n = 11); 40 WP presented twice (n = 15); 120 WP presented twice (n = 15). There were no significant differences in the preferred phase or strength between the control and post-learning nights, in all learning conditions. We observed an overnight consolidation effect (improved performance at delayed recall) for the criterion learning condition only, and only in this condition was the overnight change in memory performance significantly positively correlated with the phase of SO-spindle coupling. These results suggest that the coupling of brain oscillations during human NREM sleep is stable traits that are not modulated by the amount of pre-sleep learning, yet are implicated in the sleep-dependent consolidation of memory-especially when overnight gains in memory are observed.