1 Department of Electrical Engineering, Mirpur University of Science and Technology (MUST), Mirpur, 10250, Pakistan.
2 James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G128QQ, UK.
3 Department of Data Science and AI, Faculty of Information Technology, Monash University, Room 273, Woodside Building, Clayton Campus, Clayton, Australia.
4 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, 45550, Pakistan.
5 Faculty of Information and Technology, Majan University College, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman.
6 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, P.O Box: 75120, Uppsala, Sweden. imran.aziz@physics.uu.se.
7 Concordia Institute for Information Systems Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada.

The transition to sustainable energy has become imperative due to the depletion of fossil fuels. Solar energy presents a viable alternative owing to its abundance and environmental benefits. However, the intermittent nature of solar energy requires accurate forecasting of solar irradiance (SI) for reliable operation of photovoltaics (PVs) integrated systems. Traditional deep learning (DL) models and decision tree (DT)-based algorithms have been widely employed for this purpose. However, DL models often demand substantial computational resources and large datasets, while DT algorithms lack generalizability. To address these limitations, this study proposes a novel parallel boosting neural network (PBNN) framework that integrates boosting algorithms with a feedforward neural network (FFNN). The proposed framework leverages three boosting DT algorithms, Extreme Gradient Boosting (XgBoost), Categorical Boosting (CatBoost), and Random Forest (RF) regressors as base learners, operating in parallel. The intermediary forecasts from these base learners are concatenated and input into the FFNN, which assigns optimal weights to generate the final prediction. The proposed PBNN is trained and evaluated on two geographical datasets and compared with state-of-the-art techniques. The mutual information (MI) algorithm is implemented as a feature selection technique to identify the most important features for forecasting. Results demonstrate that when trained with the selected features, the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of PBNN is improved by [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text] for Islamabad and San Diego city datasets, respectively. Furthermore, a literature comparison of the PBNN is also performed for robustness analysis. Source code and datasets are available at https://github.com/Ubaid014/Parallel-Boosting-Neural-Network/tree/main.