Author(s): Yamada K; Mibu A; Kogo S; Sullivan M; Nishigami T;

This study evaluated the reliability and validity of a Japanese version of Pain Disability Index (PDI). Analyses were conducted on a 7-item version (PDI-J) and a 5-item (PDI-5-J version of the PDI). Using a web-based survey system, we recruited 300 individuals with chronic low back pain (lasting =3 months) and 300 individuals with chronic daily headache ( ...

Article GUID: 36094940

Author(s): McGreevy TJ; Michaelides S; Djan M; Sullivan M; Beltrán DM; Buffum B; Husband T;

The environment plays an important role in the movement of individuals and their associated genes among populations, which facilitates gene flow. Gene flow can help maintain the genetic diversity both within and between populations and counter the negative impact of genetic drift, which can decrease the fitness of individuals. Sympatric species can have d ...

Article GUID: 34659333