1 Department of Ecology, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Cottbus, Brandenburg, Germany.
2 German Primate Centre Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Gene Bank of Primates and Primate Genetics, Gottingen, Germany.
3 Department of Geography, Humboldt University of Berlin, Applied Geoinformation Science Laboratory Berlin, Brandenburg, Germany.
4 Independent Researcher, Waikato, New Zealand.
5 Centre for Research and Conservation (CRC), Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp (RZSA), Antwerp, Belgium.
6 Department of Biology, Terrestrial Ecology Unit (TEREC), Ghent University (UGent), Ghent, Belgium.
7 Hochschule fur nachhaltige Entwicklung Eberswalde, Forestry and Environment, Eberswalde, Germany.
8 Szkola Glowna Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego, Warszawa, Poland.
9 Concordia University Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. <

Environmental conditions and human activity influence the selection of nest sites by chimpanzees and may have serious conservation implications. We examined the characteristics of nesting trees preferred by chimpanzees, investigated the effect of vegetation composition and topography on nest site locations and seasonality on nesting heights of chimpanzees, and verified the effect of predator occurrence and human activity on the nesting behavior of the Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes ellioti) in Kom-Wum Forest Reserve (KWFR) and surrounding unprotected forest in Cameroon. We recorded 923 nests, 502 signs of human activity, and 646 nesting trees along line transects and recces (reconnaissance) for two seasons. We found that chimpanzees constructed more arboreal nests on tall primary trees with high lowest branch height and large diameter at breast height. Moreover, they oriented their nests within trees in the slope direction when the nesting trees were located on slopes. Additionally, the occurrence of chimpanzee nests was positively related to increasing elevation and slope and decreased with distance to primary forest. In contrast, the number of nests increased with distance to secondary forest, open land, and villages, and nesting height was not influenced by seasons. While we recorded no signs of large nocturnal chimpanzee predators at nesting trees, we found signs of hunting activity at nesting locations. Nesting high in trees is likely a way of avoiding hunting, while nest orientation within trees in slope direction shortens escape routes from human hunters. Our findings suggest that chimpanzees select safe trees (tall trees with high lowest branch height) located in nesting areas (primary forest, high elevation, and steep slopes) that are not easily accessible by humans. Therefore, conservation efforts should focus on protecting primary forests at high elevation and steep slopes and reducing human impact.