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Development of a novel macroporous passive sampler with integrated solid phase extraction for cost-effective water contaminant monitoring

Authors: Chen KShi SWen YSong MZhang XMa HTian XHan XChen WChen ZSun J


Affiliations

1 Key Laboratory of Resources Conversion and Pollution Control of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission, College of Resources and Environment, South-Central MinZu University, Wuhan 430074, PR China; Department of Building, Civil, and Environmental Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal H3G1M8, Canada. Electronic address: kechen@mail.scuec.edu.cn.
2 Key Laboratory of Resources Conversion and Pollution Control of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission, College of Resources and Environment, South-Central MinZu University, Wuhan 430074, PR China.
3 Wuhan Center of China Geological Survey (Central South China Innovation Center for Geosciences), Wuhan 430205, PR China.
4 Department of Building, Civil, and Environmental Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal H3G1M8, Canada.
5 Key Laboratory of Resources Conversion and Pollution Control of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission, College of Resources and Environment, South-Central MinZu University, Wuhan 430074, PR China. Electronic address: jetsun@mail.scuec.edu.cn.

Description

Passive samplers, for instance Chemcatcher, Microporous Polyethylene Tube passive samplers (MPTs) and Diffusive Gradients in Thin Films (DGT), are widely used for monitoring time-weighted average concentrations (CTWA) of contaminants in waters. This study presents ChemTRAP, a novel passive sampler using two macroporous filters (MFs) as both sorbent support and diffusion matrix for analyte uptake. This design enables analyte recovery by solid-phase extraction (SPE), thereby reducing per-unit costs and simplifying workflows. Six organic analytes and six heavy metals were used to evaluate ChemTRAPs embedded with Hydrophilic-Lipophilic Balanced resin or Chelex100 resin. The ChemTRAP, as an SPE device, achieved a mean recovery of 94.3% for all 12 analytes in both simulated and Lake Nanhu water. The performance of Chelex100 resin remained stable over 10 reuse cycles. In a preliminary field test, ChemTRAPs showed an average sampling rate of 2.4 mL/d, comparable to MPTs and DGTs. The average recovery of 12 analytes was 73.4% (95% Confidence Interval: 54-92%), indicating that ChemTRAP-derived CTWA are representative of ambient concentrations, despite a slight negative bias likely attributable to biofouling. While further field validation is necessary, investigation of analyte diffusion in MFs is also desirable to develop a predictive RS model comparable to that established for DGTs.


Keywords: ChemTRAPMacroporous filterPassive samplersSolid phase extractionTime-weighted average concentration


Links

PubMed: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42284777/

DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.142680