1 Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria.
2 Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria.
3 Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Redeemer's University, Ede, Nigeria.
4 Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology, Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada. Electronic address: joseph.olajide@concordia.ca.

Although there have been reports indicating that Datura Stramonium (D. stramonium) may induce anticholinergic and neuropsychiatry effects, the compound is still being used for recreational and medicinal purposes while ingestion during pregnancy has been documented. Intriguingly, minimal studies have investigated the potential neurotoxic impact of D. stramonium exposure at various stages of gestation, including its potential implication on neurophysiological well-being later in life. The present study, therefore, examined spontaneous working memory and the expression of specific neurochemicals modulating crucial neural processes in adolescent rats exposed to high and low D. stramonium doses during different stages of gestation. Pregnant rats were orally infused with 150- or 500- mg/kg/day of D. stramonium either during mid- (second week; days 8-14) or late- (third week; days 15-21) gestation, while control rats received PBS at dosing periods. Behavioral characterization of offspring between postnatal days (PD) 40 and 41 in the Y-maze revealed that D. stramonium perturbed spatial working memory in rats, although locomotor activity was generally unaltered. In addition to SOD and nitric oxide downregulation, induction of oxidative stress in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex (PFC) of young adult rats prenatally exposed to D. stramonium was corroborated by depletion of key antioxidant regulatory elements glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and catalase, which was accompanied by lipid peroxidation shown by increased MDA levels. Whereas increased expression of acetylcholinesterase and LDH was seen in adolescent rats prenatally infused D. stramonium, acetylcholine levels were downregulated in both hippocampal and PFC lysates, suggesting cholinergic and metabolic dysfunctions. Immunohistochemical labelling of GFAP and IBA-1 revealed increased expression of reactive astrocytes and microglia respectively, while the accompanying TNFa upregulation in both the hippocampus (dentate gyrus) and PFC causally linked intrauterine D. stramonium exposure with neuroinflammatory responses postnatally. Overall, our data correlated postnatal spatial working memory dysfunction evoked by D. stramonium exposure during critical stages of embryonic development to oxidative redox impairment, cholinergic disruption and neuroinflammatory perturbations in rats.