1 Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
2 Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
3 Research Centre, Sainte-Justine University Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
4 Montréal TransMedTech Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
5 McConnell Brain Imaging Center, Montréal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
6 Department of Mechanical, Industrial and Aerospace Engineering, Concordia University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
7 Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Concordia University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.

Background: Physical vascular phantoms are instrumental in studying intracranial aneurysms and testing relevant imaging tools and training systems to provide improved clinical care. Current vascular phantom production methods have major limitations in capturing the biophysical and morphological characteristics of intracranial aneurysms with good fidelity and multi-modal imaging capacity. With stereolithography (SLA) 3D printing technology becoming more accessible, newer flexible and transparent printing materials with higher precision controls open the door for improving the efficiency and quality of producing anthropomorphic vascular phantoms but have rarely been explored for the application.

Purpose: This technical note intends to report the feasibility of using SLA 3D printing technology to manufacture flexible intracranial aneurysm phantoms with similar scales to the real anatomy, as well as their capacity for multi-modal flow imaging and analysis, including ultrasound flow imaging, high-speed filming, and particle image velocimetry analysis.

Methods: We designed and 3D-printed two intracranial aneurysm phantoms with an SLA 3D printer using Formlabs Elastic 50A resin. By using a micropump to introduce cyclical flows in the phantoms, we first employed conventional Doppler and vector flow ultrasonography to observe and measure different fluidic properties. Then, a high-speed camera was used to record particles flowing within the phantom, and we further conducted a particle image velocimetry analysis, including the distribution of mean 2D velocity vectors, average velocity magnitudes, and the mean vorticity fields in the phantom for the high-speed imaging data.

Results: We successfully 3D-printed flexible intracranial aneurysm phantoms with similar dimensions to the real anatomy. Additionally, we validated the phantoms' ability to allow visualization, measurement, and analysis of flow dynamics based on both real-time ultrasound and optical imaging.

Conclusions: Our proof-of-concept study illustrates that SLA 3D printing using commercial elastic resins can significantly contribute towards facilitating the fabrication of flexible intracranial aneurysms phantoms for training, research, and preoperative planning.