1 Laboratory for Hearing and Cognition, Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.
2 Centre for Research on Brain, Language and Music, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
3 Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins.
4 School of Communication Sciences and Disorders, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
5 Oticon Medical, Vallauris, France.
6 Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.

Purpose: Greater recognition of the impact of hearing loss on cognitive functions has led speech/hearing clinics to focus more on auditory memory outcomes. Typically evaluated by scoring participants' recall on a list of unrelated words after they have heard the list read out loud, this method implies pitch and timing variations across words. Here, we questioned whether these variations could impact performance differentially in one language or another.

Method: In a series of online studies evaluating auditory short-term memory in normally hearing adults, we examined how pitch patterns (Experiment 1), timing patterns (Experiment 2), and interactions between the two (Experiment 3) affected free recall of words, cued recall of forgotten words, and mental demand. Note that visual memory was never directly tested; written words were only used after auditory encoding in the cued recall part. Studies were administered in both French and English, always conducted with native listeners.

Result: Confirming prior work, grouping mechanisms facilitated free recall, but not cued recall (the latter being only affected by longer presentation time) or ratings of mental demand. Critically, grouping by pitch provided more benefit for French than for English listeners, while grouping by time was equally beneficial in both languages.

Conclusion: Pitch is more useful to French- than to English-speaking listeners for encoding spoken words in short-term memory, perhaps due to the syllable-based versus stress-based rhythms inherent to each language.

Supplemental material: https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.27048328.